You then end up with an entire fresh copy of the file, which has a different inode number and is completely separate from the original. Any extended attributes are also copied within the file system metadata. Regular copies are made by macOS creating a new file, and copying the contents of the old file into that. It should be possible to do this using the normal cp command in Terminal (without the c option to clone rather than copy). There doesn’t appear to be a way of requiring this to happen when copying files within the same volume, though, which is by default performed by cloning. This is what happens when you drag and drop a file to a different volume. There are now five different types of copy/clone/alias/link: the regular copy, APFS clone (copy on write clone), symbolic link (symlink), hard link, and Finder alias. This article hopefully clarifies the types, their behaviour, and their best use in Mojave. If there’s one topic which is most likely to bring confusion it’s the different types of links and aliases available in Unix-like file systems, and macOS running on APFS is no exception.
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